Watch an episode of Hinshaw Insurance Law TV, featuring Hinshaw authors Scott Seaman and Peter Lewis discussing their new book, America 250: A History of Insurance and Insurance Coverage Law and Litigation in the United States.

Hinshaw & Culbertson LLP is pleased to announce that partner Scott Seaman has been appointed to serve on the Social Inflation Task Force of the Defense Research Institute (DRI) Center for Law and Public Policy.

As the United States prepares to commemorate its 250th anniversary on July 4, Hinshaw is pleased to announce the publication of America 250: A History of Insurance and Insurance Coverage Law and Litigation in the United States, a new book examining the critical role of insurance, one of the nation’s most influential–yet often overlooked–economic institutions.

Read Hinshaw partner Scott Seaman’s analysis in InsuranceNewsNet about the California Supreme Court’s decision clarifying that policyholders can seek declaratory relief from excess insurers—even before underlying coverage is exhausted.

Read Scott Seaman’s insights in Law360 on a notable property insurance ruling from 2026—the Fourth Circuit’s rejection of Golden Corral’s attempt to refile its COVID-19 business loss insurance claim.

Read Hinshaw partner Scott Seaman’s insights on two of the most significant specialty insurance rulings from the first half of 2026, offering analysis of decisions with major implications for D&O coverage nationwide.

Hinshaw partner Scott Seaman—the co-chair of the firm's global Insurance Services Practice Group—will give two presentations at RISKWORLD 2025 in Chicago, Illinois, on May 6–7, 2025.

Hinshaw partner Scott Seaman—the co-chair of the firm's global Insurance Services Practice Group— is scheduled to co-present a CLE webinar titled "Confirming Chapter 11 Plans With Insurance-Funded Settlements: Strategies After Truck Ins. Exchange v. Kaiser Gypsum" on August 8, 2024.

Hinshaw partner Scott Seaman—the co-chair of the firm's global Insurance Services Practice Group— is scheduled to co-present a CLE webinar titled "Excess Insurer's Duties to Defend and Indemnify: Exhaustion, Claims Not Covered by Primary, Defense-Cost Reimbursement" on May 7, 2024.

Hinshaw partner Scott Seaman will present at the BARBRI CLE webinar, “Horizontal vs. Vertical Exhaustion of Insurance: Priority of Coverage and Settlement for Below Policy Limits.”

Hinshaw partner Scott Seaman will speak at the InsurTech Summit 2026, streaming live on May 19. He will participate in the panel “Making Decisions in Difficult Risk Environments.”

Hinshaw attorney Scott Seaman will present at the BARBRI CLE webinar, “Environmental Insurance Coverages: CGL, Property, and D&O Policies for PFASs, ESG, NRS, CERCLA, RCRA, OPA, and Others,” on Tuesday, April 28, at 12:00 pm CST.

Corporate activity related to ESG can have profound legal and market consequences. These consequences can be cut many ways. Although having taken a position on Florida legislation that resulted in negative business consequences, including political reprisal, stock price, and market positioning, Disney officers and directors prevailed in a stockholder action seeking books and records based upon an alleged breach of fiduciary duty.    

On December 14, 2017, the New York Court of Appeals issued a unanimous decision in Global Reinsurance Corporation of America v. Century Indemnity Co. in which it answered a certified question from the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit and delivered a blow to the Bellefonte cap that served as "a star to steer by" for many courts over the past quarter of a century.  In an August 2016 article for Best's Review, Hinshaw & Culbertson's Scott Seaman and Ed Lenci examined the Bellefonte cap in detail and set the stage for yesterday's Court of Appeals decision. The Bellefonte Cap Returns.The issue of whether the limits of a facultative certificate capped the reinsurers liability for both loss and expense was squarely presented in the Global Re case. Rather than decide the issue outright as it had in 1990 in Bellefonte or later in Unigard v. North River, the Second Circuit sought input from New York's high court.In December, 2016, the Second Circuit certified the following question to the New York Court of Appeals: "Does the decision of the New York Court of Appeals in [Excess Insurance Co. Ltd. v Factory Mutual Insurance Co. 3 NY3d 577 (2004)] impose either a rule of construction, or a strong presumption, that a per occurrence liability cap in a reinsurance contract limits the total reinsurance available under the contract to the amount of the cap regardless of whether the underlying policy is understood to cover expenses such as, for instance, defense costs?" Global Reinsurance Corporation of America v. Century Indemnity Co., 843 F.3d 120, 128 (2d Cir 2017). In its December 14, 2017 decision, the court said it now answers "the certified question in the negative. Under New York law generally, and in Excess in particular, there is neither a rule of construction nor a presumption that a per occurrence liability limitation in a reinsurance contract caps all obligations of the reinsurer, such as payments made to reimburse the reinsured's defense costs." Though not always followed by courts and frequently rejected by arbitration panels in confidential reinsurance arbitrations, Bellefonte emerged as the leading decision over the past 27 years. The Court of Appeals in Global Re acknowledged that some other decisions have read Excess (a New Court of Appeals decision following Bellefonte) as establishing a rule that the reinsurance limits of a facultative certificate capped both loss and expense. It stated starkly that "[w]e now dispel any intimation that Excess established such a rule." The Court of Appeals noted that, in Excess, the court was simply not faced with the question of whether there is a blanket "presumption" or "rule of construction" that a limitation on liability clause applies to all payments by a reinsurer. Consequently, Excess did not pass on whether a follow form clause such as the one in that case, "subject[ing]" the reinsurance "to the same valuation, clauses and conditions as contained in the original policy," would require the reinsurers to cover third-party defense costs in excess of such a limit. The court further distinguished Excess, noting in Excess "the loss adjustment expenses were incurred in litigation between the insurer and its policyholder; they were not costs (such as third-party defense costs) that the insurer was obligated to pay under the terms of the underlying policy itself. Whether a similar (or even identical) limitation clause would apply to third-party defense costs, in a certificate reinsuring a liability insurance policy, was never at issue." The Court of Appeal pointed out reinsurance contracts should be "read as a whole, and every part will be interpreted with reference to the whole." Particularly where an agreement is "negotiated between sophisticated, counseled business people negotiating at arms' length, . . . courts should be extremely reluctant to interpret an agreement as impliedly stating something which the parties have neglected to specifically include. Also, it stated that courts should be mindful that the certificate, while serving as written confirmation of a contract, might not in and of itself constitute the fully integrated agreement. It cited to its decision in Union Carbide for the proposition that, where reinsurance policy incorporates underlying policy, the underlying policy is not considered extrinsic evidence. Like any contract, a facultative reinsurance contract "that is complete, clear and unambiguous on its face must be enforced according to the plain meaning of its terms." According to the New York high court, rather than "adopting a blanket rule, based on policy concerns," a court must "look to the language of the policy" above all else. It noted in the insurance context, its jurisprudence confirms that even modest variations on the face of a written agreement can alter the meaning of a critical term. It pointed out that a court is not permitted to disregard the precise terminology that the parties used and simply assume, based on its own familiar notions of economic efficiency, that any clause bearing the generic marker of a "limitation on liability" or "reinsurance accepted" clause was intended to be cost-inclusive. Therefore, New York law does not impose either a rule, or a presumption, that a limitation on liability clause necessarily caps all obligations owed by a reinsurer, such as defense costs, without regard for the specific language employed. The court emphasized that its decision is limited to answering the narrow question certified. The case now returns to the Second Circuit for further proceedings with the benefit of the New York high court's answer to the certified question. By way of background on this case, in June 2015, the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York granted Global Re summary judgment, ruling that the reinsurance accepted limit capped the facultative reinsurer's liability for loss and expense combined. The Second Circuit panel seemed skeptical about the Bellefonte conclusion that the facultative certificate language unambiguously capped liability for both loss and expense and suggested that industry custom and usage might shed light on the issue. Yet, the Second Circuit recognized the importance of stare decisis and, thus, decided to certify the issue it framed. In certifying the issue, the Second Circuit stated that if Excess imposes a clear rule or a presumption with respect to these reinsurance certificates, the rule would guide our interpretation of this and substantially similar certificates. "If, on the other hand, the standard rules of contract interpretation apply, we would construe each reinsurance policy solely in light of its language and, to the extent helpful, specific context." In the wake of the Court of Appeal's decision and in view of the Second Circuit panel's discussion in the decision certifying the question, the parties may find themselves disclosing experts and adducing evidence of industry custom and usage on remand. The Bellefonte cap was controversial from the outset and has taken some recent hits. The Second Circuit itself declined to apply the Bellefonte cap in its Utica Re v. Munich Re decision by distinguishing the contract language and a recent Pennsylvania appellate court decision declined to follow Bellefonte. From a ceding company perspective, the New York Court of Appeal's decision in Global Re will be viewed favorably and likely characterized as the death knell of the Bellefonte cap. Reinsurers likely will argue that this was a narrow decision and emphasize that the language in their certificates compels the conclusion reached by the district court that the reinsurance accepted limit capped the facultative reinsurer's liability for loss and expense combined. In view of the language of the decision, reinsurers are likely to maintain that the Bellefonte Cap applies with full force to declaratory judgment costs. The New York Court of Appeal's approach is hardly surprising. The court has been consistent in recent years in focusing on specific contract language in resolving insurance and reinsurance disputes, rather than relying upon public policy considerations or applying general pronouncements in prior cases as hard and fast rules. It took this approach in Viking Pump holding that non-cumulation clauses warranted a departure from general principles of pro rata allocation set forth in Consolidated Edison. It also took this approach in the Selective Insurance Co. case on the issue of number of occurrences, distinguishing the language there from the language involved in Appalachian v. General Electric. One thing appears certain – we have not yet heard the last word on the Bellefonte cap.

The California Supreme Court has clarified pleading standards for excess policy claims, adopting a “reasonable likelihood” standard—read our alert providing key takeaways for insurers.

Read key takeaways from two major D&O insurance rulings from the first half of 2026 that are reshaping the specialty lines landscape.

Read our in-depth analysis of the most significant D&O liability trends in 2026, including the Trump Administration's impact, the shift to bi-annual reporting, DExits, investment scams, and key court decisions.